Spain

  • About Spain

    About Spain

     


    Spain

    Spain (Spanish: España [esʲˈpaɲa] ), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España),[a][b] is a country mostly located in Europe. Its continental European territory is situated on the Iberian Peninsula. Its territory also includes two archipelagoes: the Canary Islands off the coast of Africa, and the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea. The African enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera make Spain the only European country to have a physical border with an African country (Morocco).[g] Several small islands in the Alboran Sea are also part of Spanish territory. The country's mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with Gibraltar; to the north and northeast by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the west and northwest by Portugal and the Atlantic Ocean.
    With an area of 505,990 km2 (195,360 sq mi), Spain is the largest country in Southern Europe, the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union, and the fourth largest country in the European continent. By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spain's capital and largest city is Madrid; other major urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Málaga and Bilbao.
    Spain is a secular parliamentary democracy and a parliamentary monarchy, with King Felipe VI as head of state. It is a major developed country and a high income country, with the world's fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDPand sixteenth largest by purchasing power parity. It is a member of the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), the Eurozone, the Council of Europe (CoE), the Organization of Ibero-American States (OEI), the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and many other international organisations. While not an official member, Spain has a "Permanent Invitation" to the G20 summits, participating in every summit, which makes Spain a de facto member of the group.

    Geography

    At 505,992 km2 (195,365 sq mi), Spain is the world's fifty-second largest country and Europe's fourth largest country. It is some 47,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi) smaller than France and 81,000 km2 (31,000 sq mi) larger than the US state of California. Mount Teide (Tenerife) is the highest mountain peak in Spain and is the third largest volcano in the world from its base. Spain is a transcontinental country, having territory in both Europe and Africa.
    Spain lies between latitudes 26° and 44° N, and longitudes 19° W and 5° E.
    On the west, Spain is bordered by Portugal; on the south, it is bordered by Gibraltar (a British overseas territory) and Morocco, through its exclaves in North Africa (Ceuta and Melilla, and the peninsula of Vélez de la Gomera). On the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it is bordered by France and the Principality of Andorra. Along the Pyrenees in Girona, a small exclave town called Llívia is surrounded by France.
    Extending to 1,214 km (754 mi), the Portugal–Spain border is the longest uninterrupted border within the European Union.

    Government


    Congress of Deputies, Madrid
    Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales (General Courts). The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers of Spain presided over by the Prime Minister, nominated and appointed by the monarch and confirmed by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections. By political custom established by King Juan Carlos since the ratification of the 1978 Constitution, the king's nominees have all been from parties who maintain a plurality of seats in the Congress.
    The legislative branch is made up of the Congress of Deputies (Congreso de los Diputados) with 350 members, elected by popular vote on block lists by proportional representation to serve four-year terms, and a Senate (Senado) with 259 seats of which 208 are directly elected by popular vote, using a limited voting method, and the other 51 appointed by the regional legislatures to also serve four-year terms.

    Urbanisation

     

     

    Immigration

    Percentage distribution of foreign population in Spain in 2005
    According to the Spanish government there were 5.7 million foreign residents in Spain in 2011, or 12% of the total population. According to residence permit data for 2011, more than 860,000 were Romanian, about 770,000 were Moroccan, approximately 390,000 were British, and 360,000 were Ecuadorian. Other sizeable foreign communities are Colombian, Bolivian, German, Italian, Bulgarian, and Chinese. There are more than 200,000 migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa living in Spain, principally Senegaleses and Nigerians. Since 2000, Spain has experienced high population growth as a result of immigration flows, despite a birth rate that is only half the replacement level. This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving illegally by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.
    Within the EU, Spain had the 2nd highest immigration rate in percentage terms after Cyprus, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers, up to 2008.[209] The number of immigrants in Spain had grown up from 500,000 people in 1996 to 5.2 million in 2008 out of a total population of 46 million. In 2005 alone, a regularisation programme increased the legal immigrant population by 700,000 people. There are a number of reasons for the high level of immigration, including Spain's cultural ties with Latin America, its geographical position, the porosity of its borders, the large size of its underground economy and the strength of the agricultural and construction sectors, which demand more low cost labour than can be offered by the national workforce.
    Another statistically significant factor is the large number of residents of EU origin typically retiring to Spain's Mediterranean coast. In fact, Spain was Europe's largest absorber of migrants from 2002 to 2007, with its immigrant population more than doubling as 2.5 million people arrived. In 2008, prior to the onset of the economic crisis, the Financial Times reported that Spain was the most favoured destination for Western Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.
    In 2008, the government instituted a "Plan of Voluntary Return" which encouraged unemployed immigrants from outside the EU to return to their home countries and receive several incentives, including the right to keep their unemployment benefits and transfer whatever they contributed to the Spanish Social Security. The programme had little effect; during its first two months, just 1,400 immigrants took up the offer. What the programme failed to do, the sharp and prolonged economic crisis has done from 2010 to 2011 in that tens of thousands of immigrants have left the country due to lack of jobs. In 2011 alone, more than half a million people left Spain. For the first time in decades the net migration rate was expected to be negative, and nine out of 10 emigrants were foreigners.

    Education

    Concepción Arenal, krausist and pioneer of the Asociación para la Enseñanza de la Mujer
    State education in Spain is free and compulsory from the age of six to sixteen. The current education system is regulated by the 2006 educational law, LOE (Ley Orgánica de Educación), or Fundamental Law for the Education. In 2014, the LOE was partially modified by the newer and controversial LOMCE law (Ley Orgánica para la Mejora de la Calidad Educativa), or Fundamental Law for the Improvement of the Education System, commonly called Ley Wert (Wert Law).[225] Since 1970 to 2014, Spain has had seven different educational laws (LGE, LOECE, LODE, LOGSE, LOPEG, LOE and LOMCE).
    Institución Libre de Enseñanza was an educational project that developed in Spain for the half a century of about 1876–1936 by Francisco Giner de los Ríos and Gumersindo de Azcárate. The institute was inspired by the philosophy of Krausism. Concepción Arenal in feminismand Santiago Ramón y Cajal in neuroscience were in the movement.

     

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  • Admission and Spanish Student Visa

    Spain Study Permit

     

     

    Admission and Spanish Student Visa

    The first requirement to apply for a Spanish student visa is that you have an admission to a Spanish University acceptable for the government of Spain. This important subject will be detailed in other section. Once you got accepted, you must contact the consulate or embassy of Spain in your area and check out the necessary documents you need for the student visa application process. It is possible that the Spanish embassy in each country have its own rules depending on the regulation of the country. As can be noticed in a tour on internet, once you got your acceptance, you need to give your documents to the embassy and apply for your visa between two and three months before start of your program. You may have an interview at the embassy during this period. However, what may practically happen for applicants of a Spanish student visa in Iran will be very different and it may be hard to complete your application process and interview during two months in Iran. So, it is recommended that contact the embassy and check out the last situation and requirements before any proceeding for application.

    As indicated in public websites of Spain, you must give the following documents along with your application to the embassy. However, this list is not absolute and the requirements may vary depending on each consulate or regulations of your home country. So, it is insistently emphasized again that contact the embassy before giving your documents.

    1. Information of enrolment in a study program, schedule of courses and so on with details;
    2. Health insurance;
    3. Medical certificate indicating that you that any specific types of diseases (normally checked out by the embassy’s trusted physician)
    4. Proof of financial ability during your study (proof of financial ability during on year is normally acceptable in other countries, but this duration and the amount may vary any time by the embassy of Spain in Iran;
    5. Information about your accommodation in the destination country. For this purpose, it may be enough to book a hotel;
    6. Criminal record certificate.

     

    Important Note

    After you entered Spain, you need to apply for residence permit within 30 days. This card will be valid for five years. If you have a residence card (permit) in Spain, an employer can apply for a “work permit” for you, then you will be allowed to work for 20 hours a week for that employer.  

     

    Post-Graduate Work Permit

     Previously a student had to leave Spain after expiration of her/his student visa and completing study program. However, changing the rules, now a student have time to look for a job in relation with her/his education or start a business after graduation in Spain. To apply for a post-graduate work permit, you need to be graduated, have a health insurance for this time period, have financial ability for one year (opportunity to look for a job), and finally pay the application fee.    

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